ASTM A182 F11 Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Snapshot


  • Sizes : 1/2″ to 48″
  • Pressure Class : Class 150-2500
  • Usage : Oil Gas Water Industrial
  • Test : Ut / PT / Mt
  • Coating : Black / Yellow / Cold and Hot DIP Galvanize

 

 

 

ASTM A182 Gr F11 Slip On Flange

ASTM A182 Gr F11 Slip On Flange

Alloy Steel F11 Blind Flange

Alloy Steel F11 Blind Flange

ASME SA 182 Gr F11 Weld Neck Flange

ASME SA 182 Gr F11 Weld Neck Flange

 

 

Standard Specification of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges

Standard Specification of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges

Sizes
ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Sizes
  • NPS : 1/2″ to 48″
  • SCH : Sch 5 to XXS
  • Class :150 to 2500#
  • Custom Size Available
Types
Types Of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges
  • Weld Neck
  • Blind
  • Slip On
  • Socket Weld
Standards
Standards Of ASTM A182 Gr F11 Slip On Flange
  • ASME B16.47 Series A & B
  • ASME B16.5
  • ASTM A182 | ASME SA 182
  • MSS SP44
Threads
ASTM A182 F11 Square Flanges Threads
  • FNPT, MNPT
  • NPT
  • BSPT
  • BSPP
Process
Alloy Steel F11 Spectacle Blind Flanges Process
  • Forging
  • Rolling
  • Cutting
  • Casting
Testing
sa182 f11 material High Hub Blind Flanges Testing
  • Tensile
  • Pressure
  • Hardness test
  • PMI
Supporting Material
Material Of Alloy Steel F11 Blind Flange
  • Gasket
  • Ring Joint
  • Flange Bolts
Testing Facility
F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges Facility
  • X-ray Detector
  • NDT
  • Hydro test
Advantages
ASME SA 182 Gr F11 Weld Neck Flange Advantages
  • High tensile strength
  • Low maintenance
  • Excellent resistance
Face
SA 182 F11 Cl1 Forged Flanges Face
  • RF
  • FF
  • T & G
  • RTJ
Finish
sa182 f11 material Reducing Flanges Finish
  • Serrated
  • Smooth
  • Mirror
  • Spiral/Concentric
Origin
Origin Of A182 F11 Cl2 BLRF Flanges
  • Indian
  • Korean
  • European
  • Japan

ASME SA182 Grade F11 Class 2 and 3 Blind Flange Manufacturer in India in Custom Sizes

ASTM A182 Gr F11 Slip On Flange Size Chart
Normal Sizes In inch Dimension ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Sizes
Class 150 Class 300 Class 400 Class 600 Class 900 Class 1500 Class 2500
inch. mm inch. millimeter inch. mm inch. mm inch. mm inch. mm inch mm
1/2 A 3 1/2 88.9 3 3/4 95.2 3 3/4 95.2 3 3/4 95.2 4 3/4 121 4 3/4 121 5 1/4 133.4
b 7/16 11.1 9/16 14.3 9/16 14.3 9/16 14.3 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 1 3/16 30.2
D2 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9 1 3/8 34.9
D1 2 3/8 60.3 2 5/8 66.7 2 5/8 66.7 2 5/8 66.7 3 1/4 82.6 3 1/4 82.6 3 1/2 88.9
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 – 4 44
d 5/8 15.9 5/8 15.9 5/8 15.9 5/8 15.9 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2
3/4 A 3 7/8 98.4 4 5/8 117.5 4 5/8 117.5 4 5/8 117.5 5 1/8 130 5 1/8 130 5 1/2 139.7
b 1/2 12.7 5/8 15.9 5/8 15.9 5/8 15.9 1 25.4 1 25.4 1 1/4 31.8
D2 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9 1 11/16 42.9
D1 2 3/4 69.8 3 1/4 82.5 3 1/4 82.5 3 1/4 82.5 3 1/2 88.9 3 1/2 88.9 3 3/4 95.2
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 – 4 44
d 5/8 15.9 3/4 19 3/4 19 3/4 19 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2
1 A 4 1/4 108 4 7/8 123.8 4 7/8 123.8 4 7/8 123.8 5 7/8 149.2 5 7/8 149.2 6 1/4 159
b 9/16 14.3 11/16 17.5 11/16 17.5 11/16 17.5 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 3/8 34.9
D2 2 50.8 2 50.8 2 50.8 2 50.8 2 50.8 2 50.8 2 50.8
D1 3 1/8 79.4 3 1/2 88.9 3 1/2 88.9 3 1/2 88.9 4 102 4 102 4 1/4 108
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
d 5/8 15.9 3/4 19 3/4 19 3/4 19 1 25.4 1 25.4 1 25.4
1 1/4 A 4 5/8 117.5 5 1/4 133.4 5 1/4 133.4 5 1/4 133.4 6 1/4 159 6 1/4 159 7 1/4 184.2
b 5/8 15.9 3/4 19 13/16 20.6 13/16 20.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/2 38.1
D2 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5 2 1/2 63.5
D1 3 1/2 88.9 3 7/8 98.4 3 7/8 98.4 3 7/8 98.4 4 3/8 111 4 3/8 111 5 1/8 130
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
d 5/8 15.9 3/4 19 3/4 19 3/4 19 1 25.4 1 25.4 1 1/8 28.6
1 1/2 A 5 127 6 1/8 155.6 6 1/8 155.6 6 1/8 155.6 7 177.8 7 177.8 8 203
b 11/16 17.5 13/16 20.6 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 1 1/4 31.8 1 1/4 31.8 1 3/4 44.5
D2 2 7/8 73 98 2 7/8 73 2 7/8 73 2 7/8 73 2 7/8 73 2 7/8 73 2 7/8 73
D1 3 7/8 4 4 1/2 114 4 1/2 114 4 1/2 114 4 7/8 124 4 7/8 124 5 3/4 146
n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
d 5/8 . 15.9 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/4 31.8
2 A 6 152.4 6 1/2 165.1 6 1/2 165.1 6 1/2 165.1 8 1/2 215.9 8 1/2 215.9 9 1/4 234.9
b 3/4 19 7/8 22.2 1 25.4 1 25.4 1 1/2 38.1 1 1/2 38.1 2 50.8
D2 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1 3 5/8 92.1
D1 4 3/4 121 5 127 5 127 5 127 6 1/2 165.1 6 1/2 165.1 6 3/4 171
n 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
d 3/4 19 3/4 19 3/4 19 3/4 19 1 25.4 1 25.4 1 1/8 28.6
2 1/2 A 7 177.8 7 1/2 190.5 7 1/2 190.5 7 1/2 190.5 9 5/8 244 9 5/8 244 10 1/2 266.7
b 7/8 22.2 1 25.4 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 5/8 41.3 1 5/8 41.3 2 1/4 57.2
D2 4 1/8 104.8 4 1/8 104.8 4 1/8 104.8 4 1/8 104.8 4 1/8 105 4 1/8 105 4 1/8 105
D1 5 1/2 139.7 5 7/8 149.2 5 7/8 149.2 5 7/8 149.2 7 1/2 190.5 7 1/2 190.5 7 3/4 197
n 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
d 3/4 19 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 7/8 22.2 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/8 28.6 1 1/4 31.8

Buy A182 Gr F11 Class 1 Weld Neck and Slip On Flange With Pressure Class 150 to 2500#

ASTM A182 F11 Square Flanges Pressure Rating
Temperature Ratrings 300# Class 150# Class 600# Class 400# Class 1500# Class 900# Class 2500# Class
50 40 15.3 80 53.4 200.1 120.1 333.5
-29 to 38 41.4 15.9 82.7 55.2 206.8 124.1 344.7
150 31.4 12 62.8 41.9 157 94.2 261.6
100 34.8 13.3 69.6 46.4 173.9 104.4 289.9
250 27.5 10.5 54.9 36.6 137.3 82.4 228.9
200 29.2 11.2 58.3 38.9 145.8 87.5 243
325 25.5 9.3 51 34 127.4 76.4 212.3
300 26.1 10 52.1 34.8 130.3 78.2 217.2
375 24.8 7.4 49.5 33 123.8 74.3 206.3
350 25.1 8.4 50.1 33.4 125.4 75.2 208.9
425 23.9 5.5 47.7 31.8 119.3 71.6 198.8
400 24.3 6.5 48.6 32.4 121.5 72.9 202.5
450 23.4 4.6 46.8 31.2 117.1 70.2 195.1

 

Reliable ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Manufacturer in India, offering flanges with a perfect balance of strength and resistance to pitting and other applications.

SA 182 F11 RTJ Flange Sizes In mm
Pipe Size Max. Pressure Flange Connection Type
1/2″ 275 psi Socket Weld
3/4″ 150 psi FNPT
1-1/4″ 275 psi Socket Weld
2″ 150 psi FNPT
2-1/2″ 275 psi Socket Weld
4″ 150 psi FNPT
1-1/4″ 720 psi FNPT
1/2″ 150 psi FNPT
1/2″ 150 psi Welded
3/4″ 275 psi Socket Weld
1-1/2″ 275 psi Socket Weld
2″ 275 psi Socket Weld
3″ 275 psi Socket Weld
4″ 275 psi Socket Weld
1/2″ 720 psi Slip On
1″ 720 psi Slip On
1-1/4″ 720 psi Slip On
1-1/2″ 720 psi Slip On
2″ 720 psi Slip On
2-1/2″ 720 psi Slip On
3″ 720 psi Slip On
4″ 720 psi Slip On
Dimension of Alloy Steel Grade F11 Plate Flange
Standard Bolt Circle Diameter Class Bolt Size Number of Bolts Diameter of Bolt Hole Diameter
AS4087 67 PN14 M12 4 14 95
AS 2129 Flange 67 Table C 13 4 14 95
67 Table E 13 4 14 95
83 Table J 16 4 17 114
67 Table F 13 4 14 95
67 Table D 13 4 14 95
83 Table H 16 4 17 114
ISO 7005 Flange 65 PN25 M12 4 14 95
65 PN10 M12 4 14 95
65 PN40 M12 4 14 95
55 PN6 M10 4 11 80
65 PN16 M12 4 14 95
60.5 PN20 M14 4 16 90
ANSI B16.5 Flanges 67 ANSI 300 13 4 16 95
60 ANSI 150 13 4 16 89
67 ANSI 600 13 4 16 95
83 ANSI 1500 19 4 22 121
83 ANSI 900 19 4 22 121
Tolerance Of ASME SA 182 Gr F11 Weld Neck Flange
ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Tolerance Table
Diameter of contact face 1/16″ raised face: ±1/32″
1/4″ RF, T/G : ±1/64″
Outside Diameter O.D. is 24″ or less: ±1/16″
O.D. is over 24″: ±1/8″
Diameter of hub at point of welding 5″ and smaller: +3/32″ , -1/32″
6″ and larger: +5/32″ , -1/32
Inside Diameter 10″ and smaller: ±1/32″
12″ thru 18″: +1/8″
20″ and larger: -1/16″
Length of hub 10″ and smaller: ±1/16″
12″ and larger: ±1/8″
Diameter of hub at base hub base is 24″ or smaller: ±1/16″
hub base is over 24″: ±1/8″
Thickness 18″ and smaller: ±1/8″, -0″
20″ and larger: ±3/16″, -0″

Supplier Of UNS K11597 Socket Weld Flange in Mumbai With Sch 5 to XXS At Reasonable Price

Thickness Chart Of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges
Pipe Normal Diam. Thk. Of Flange Min O.D. Flange Diameter of Raised Face Diam.of Hub Thread Length Length Hub.Y Diam.of Bolt Holes Diam.of Bolt Circle Diam.of Bolts (inch) No.of Bolts LB KG
inch dn C O G X T Y BH BC BD BN
3/4″ 20 12.7 98.5 42.9 38.1 15.7 15.7 15.8 69.9 1/2″ 4 1.5 0.7
1-1/4″ 32 15.7 117.5 63.5 58.7 20.6 20.6 15.8 88.9 1/2″ 4 2.6 1.2
2″ 50 19.1 152.5 91.9 77.7 25.4 25.4 19.1 120.7 5/8″ 4 5.1 2.3
3″ 80 23.9 190.5 127 108 30.2 30.2 19.1 152.4 5/8″ 4 9 4.1
4″ 100 23.9 228.5 157.2 134.9 33.3 33.3 19.1 190.5 5/8″ 8 13 5.9
6″ 150 25.4 279.5 215.9 192 39.6 39.6 22.4 241.3 3/4″ 8 18.5 8.4
10″ 250 30.2 406.5 323.9 304.8 49.3 49.3 25.4 362 7/8″ 12 39.5 18
14″ 350 35.1 533.5 412.8 400.1 57.2 57.2 28.5 476.3 1″ 12 86 39
18″ 450 39.6 635 533.4 505 68.3 68.3 31.8 577.9 1 1/8″ 16 126 57
24″ 600 47.8 813 692.2 663.4 82.6 82.6 35.1 749.3 1 1/4″ 20 214 97
1/2″ 15 11.2 89 35.1 30.2 15.7 15.7 15.8 60.5 1/2″ 4 0.9 0.4
1″ 25 14.2 108 50.8 49.3 17.5 17.5 15.8 79.3 1/2″ 4 1.8 0.8
1-1/2″ 40 17.5 127 73.2 65 22.4 22.4 15.8 98.6 1/2″ 4 3.3 1.5
2-1/2″ 65 22.4 178 104.6 90.4 28.4 28.4 19.1 139.7 5/8″ 4 8.1 3.7
3-1/2″ 90 23.9 216 139.7 122.2 31.8 31.8 19.1 177.8 5/8″ 8 11.2 5.1
5″ 125 23.9 254 185.7 163.6 36.6 36.6 22.4 215.9 3/4″ 8 15.4 7
8″ 200 28.4 343 269.7 246.1 44.5 44.5 22.4 298.5 3/4″ 8 28.6 13
12″ 300 31.8 482.5 381 365.3 55.6 55.6 25.4 431.8 7/8″ 12 64 29
16″ 400 36.6 597 469.9 457.2 63.5 63.5 28.5 539.8 1″ 16 103 47
20″ 500 42.9 698.5 584.2 558.8 73.2 73.2 31.8 635 1 1/8″ 20 167 76
A182 Gr F11 Orifice Flanges Weight Chart
Nominal Pipe Size Threaded Slip On Lap Joint Socket Weld Weld Neck Blind
¾ 2 2 2 2 2 2
½ 1 1 1 2 2 2
1¼ 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 2 3 2
2 5 5 5 5 6 5
1½ 3 3 3 3 4 4
3 9 9 9 9 11.5 9
2½ 8 8 8 8 10 7
4 13 13 13 13 16.5 17
3½ 12 11 11 11 12 13
6 19 19 19 19 26 27
5 15 15 15 15 21 20
10 43 43 43 43 54 70
8 30 30 30 30 42 47
14 90 90 105 90 114 140
12 64 64 64 64 88 123
18 130 130 160 130 165 220
16 98 106 140 98 140 180
22 185 185 245 185 225 355
20 165 165 195 165 197 285
24 220 220 275 220 268 430

 

Experienced ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Supplier in India, providing heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant material that perform well in furnace applications and high-temperature environments.

Types of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges
F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges

F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges

SA 182 F11 Cl1 Forged Flanges

SA 182 F11 Cl1 Forged Flanges

A182 F11 Reducing Flanges

A182 F11 Reducing Flanges

A182 F11 Cl2 BLRF Flanges

A182 F11 Cl2 BLRF Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Square Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Square Flanges

Alloy Steel F11 Spectacle Blind Flanges

Alloy Steel F11 Spectacle Blind Flanges

ASME B16.36 SA 182 F11 High Hub Blind Flanges

ASME B16.36 SA 182 F11 High Hub Blind Flanges

A182 Gr F11 Orifice Flanges

A182 Gr F11 Orifice Flanges

F11 Steel Screwed Flanges

F11 Steel Screwed Flanges

SA 182 F11 Socket Weld Flanges

SA 182 F11 Socket Weld Flanges

Alloy Steel F11 SWRF Flanges

Alloy Steel F11 SWRF Flanges

ASTM A182 Grade F11 Ring Type Joint Flanges

ASTM A182 Grade F11 Ring Type Joint Flanges

ASME SA182 F11 WNRF Flanges

ASME SA182 F11 WNRF Flanges

A182 Gr F11 Threaded Flanges

A182 Gr F11 Threaded Flanges

SA 182 F11 Lapped Joint Flanges

SA 182 F11 Lapped Joint Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Expander Flange

ASTM A182 F11 Expander Flange

A182 F11 Weldo Flange

A182 F11 Weldo Flange

F11 Alloy Steel Nipo Flange

F11 Alloy Steel Nipo Flange

F11 Steel Screwed Flanges Bolt Size Chart
Normal Pipe Size 300# Flange 150# Flange 600# Flange
Studs And Bolts Diam.of Studs And Bolts Studs And Bolts Diam.of Studs And Bolts Studs And Bolts Diam.of Studs And Bolts
2 8 0.63 4 0.63 8 0.63
1 4 0.63 4 0.5 4 0.63
4 8 0.75 8 0.63 8 0.88
3 8 0.75 4 0.63 8 0.75
6 12 0.75 8 0.75 12 1
5 8 0.75 8 0.75 8 1
10 16 1 12 0.88 16 1.25
8 12 0.88 8 0.75 12 1.13
14 20 1.13 12 1 20 1.38
12 16 1.13 12 0.88 20 1.25
18 24 1.25 16 1.13 20 1.63
16 20 1.25 16 1 20 1.5
24 24 1.5 20 1.25 24 1.88
20 24 1.25 20 1.13 24 1.63
Gasket Chart Of Alloy Steel F11 Blind Flange
Normal Pipe Size Gasket Inside Daimeter Gasket Outside Daimeter
150 LB 400 LB 900 LB 300 LB 600 LB
1 1/4 1.66 3 3.25 3.5 3.25 3.25
1 1.31 2.625 2.875 3.125 2.875 2.875
2 2.38 4.125 4.375 5.625 4.375 4.375
1 1/2 1.91 3.375 3.75 3.875 3.75 3.75
3 3.5 5.375 5.875 6.625 5.875 5.875
2 1/2 2.88 4.875 5.125 6.5 5.125 5.125
5 5.56 7.75 8.375 9.75 8.5 9.5
6 6.62 8.75 9.75 11.375 9.875 10.5
8 8.62 11 12 14.125 12.125 12.625
4 4.5 6.875 7 8.125 7.125 7.625
12 12.75 16.125 16.5 19.625 16.625 18
10 10.75 13.375 14.125 17.125 14.25 15.75
Get Japanese Origin ASTM A182 F11 Alloy Steel Threaded Flange Tested With Hardness and PMI Test
Test Of F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges

Test Of F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges

Pressure Calculation Of ASME SA182 F11 WNRF Flanges
DIN PN 64, PN 10, PN 16, PN 25, PN 6, PN 40
JIS 40 K, 20 K, 5K, 10 K, 63 K, 30 K, 16 K
EN 25 Bar, 6 Bar, 10 Bar, 40 Bar, 16 Bar

 

Leading ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Supplier in India, supplying corrosion-resistant flanges that are ideal for use in food processing, pharmaceutical, and other industries.

Find A182 F11 Chemical Composition and Material Equivalent Online Here
Chemical Structure of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges

Manufacturer Provides Detailed SA 182 F11 Chemical Composition

C

Carbon

0.05 – 0.15

Si

Silicon

0.5 – 1

S

Sulfur

0.03

P

Phosphorus

0.03

 

Mn

Manganese

0.3 – 0.6

Cr

Chromium

1 – 1.5

Mo

Molybdenum

0.044 – 0.65

Equivalent Of ASME B16.36 SA 182 F11 High Hub Blind Flanges

ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Manufactures As Per astm a182 f11 equivalent Standards

Grade F11
ASTM A182
ASME SA182
UNS K11572
SA 182 F11 Socket Weld Flanges Application

SA 182 F11 Socket Weld Flanges Application

F11 Alloy Steel Nipo Flange Coating

F11 Alloy Steel Nipo Flange Coating

Mechanical Behaviour of A182 Grade F11 Flanges
Grade A182 F11
Tensile Strength (Mpa) 205
Yield Strength (Mpa) 415
Elongation % 20

 

Reliable ASTM A182 F11 Flanges Supplier in India, providing high-strength, corrosion-resistant flanges used in demanding applications such as oil and gas exploration and offshore platforms.

A182 Grade F11 Flange Density
Density 7.80 g/cc
ASTM A182 Gr F11 Slip On Flange Equipment
  • Pushing Machine
  • Press machine
  • Bending machine
  • Sand-blasting machine
  • Electric bevelling machine
Reduction of Area of Alloy Steel F11 Blind Flange
Reduction of Area >= 30 %

 

We are biggest Manufacturer of ASTM A182 Grade F11 Flanges. Alloy Steel Grade F11 Slip On Flange is used extensively in the Petrolium Industry

SA 182 F11 Cl1 Forged Flanges Forging Method
  • Closed Die Forging
  • Impression Die Forging
  • Open Die Forging
  • Upset Forging
  • Hot Forging
Weekly Deliveries Of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges in Below countries
Export to Continent Shipping Time in Days Port
Bahrain
Bahrain
Asia 9 Mina Salman Port
Kuwait
Kuwait
Asia 10 Shuwaikh Port
Qatar
Qatar
Asia 7 Hamad Port
Monthly Deliveries Of ASTM A182 F11 Flanges in Below Countries
Export to Continent Shipping Time in Days Port
Morocco
Morocco
Africa 45 Tanger-Med Port
Peru
Peru
South America 45 Callao Port
Algeria
Algeria
Africa 45 Algiers Port

 

Are you Looking to Buy A182 Grade F11 Flange from Manufacturer in India. Contact us to get latest Price List of A182 Grade F11 PN16 blind flange

ASTM A182 F11 Expander Flange Disadvantages
  • Heavier
  • Not Suitable In Low
  • Temperature Uses
  • Expensive Initially
HS Code Of F11 Alloy Steel SORF Flanges
HSN Code Description
73071190 Astm A182 F11 Flange
Which are Non-Destructive Methods For ASTM A182 F11 Flanges ?
  • Ultrasonic Testing
  • Dye Penetrant Testing
  • Visual Inspection
  • Creep Testing
Alloy Steel F11 SWRF Flanges Physical Properties
Property Value
Hardness 20-30 HRC
Specific Heat Capacity 460 J/kg·K
Electrical Resistivity 0.75 × 10⁻⁶ Ω·m
Thermal Conductivity 30.0 W/m·K
Poisson’s Ratio 0.27 – 0.30
Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa